![]() These are often used in authentication schemes. ![]() Machine/computer certificates X.509 certificates assigned to a specific machine. Code signing certificates These are X.509 certificates used to digitally sign some type of computer code. It allows you to specify additional items (IP addresses, domain names, and so on) to be protected by this single certificate. Subject Alternative Name (SAN) not so much a type of certificate as a special field in X.509. So rather than have a different X.509 certificate for each subdomain, you would use a wildcard certificate for all subdomains. Wildcard certificates can be used more widely, usually with multiple subdomains of a given domain. ![]() Should a different key or certificate be seen for that host, that might indicate an issue with a fraudulent certificate. Basically, once a public key or certificate has been seen for a specific host, that key or certificate is pinned to the host. Certificate Pinning a method designed to mitigate the use of fraudulent certificates. It will instead generate a certificate error message. This means that although it can be used to transmit your public key, it won't be trusted by browsers. The certificate will be X.509, but it will be digitally signed by you. self-signed certificat an easy task to perform using Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS). In this example, the CA's certificate is an intermediate CA, and the ultimate trust is the root certificate. In turn, that CA trusts a root certificate. You purchase a digital certificate from a certificate authority (CA), so you trust that CA's certificate. Certificate chaining certificates are handled by a chain of trust. They actually include several variations: P7b, P7C, etc. P7b: These are base 64 encoded ASCII files. P12 This refers to the use of PKCS#12 standard. cer file extension is also recognized by IE as a command to run an MS cryptoAPI command (specifically rundll32.exe cryptext.dll, CryptExtOpenCER). You can use Microsoft crypto API to convert. PFX This is an archive file for PKCS#12 standard certificate information. PEM The PEM extension is used for different types of X.509v3 files that contain ASCII (Base64) armored data prefixed with a - BEGIN. These files may also bear the CER or the CRT extension. DER The DER extension is used for binary DER-encoded certificates. The second CA, in turn, can then issue certificates to an end entity. CA Certificate The CA certificate is issued by one CA to another CA. An end entity is a system that doesn't issue certificates but merely uses them. The current version of X.509 certificates is version 3, and it comes in two basic types: End-Entity Certificate The most common is the end-entity certificate, which is issued by a CA to an end entity. It also defines the procedures that should be used to distribute public keys. X.509 The X.509 standard defines the certificate formats and fields for public keys. ![]()
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